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- BOOKS, Page 78Withered RootsBy Stefan Kanfer
-
-
- PAUL ROBESON
- by Martin Bauml Duberman
- Knopf; 804 pages; $24.95
-
- The Rutgers class of 1919 had big plans for its
- valedictorian: by 1940 he would be Governor of New Jersey and
- "leader of the colored race in America." As Martin Bauml
- Duberman observes in his compassionate biography, extravagant
- predictions were still being made for Paul Robeson 21 years
- later. The son of an escaped slave had already risen to
- international celebrity as a singer, actor and public speaker,
- and no limits were set on his future. Hardly anyone foresaw that
- he was standing on the edge of an irreversible decline.
-
- The roots of this catastrophe can be traced to the moment
- that Robeson fell in love. The affection was not for his
- forbearing wife Essie, or for Peggy Ashcroft or Uta Hagen, or
- for any of the other strong-willed women with whom he had
- affairs. Robeson was smitten with the Soviet Union. During a
- 1934 visit, the singer proclaimed that in the U.S.S.R. he felt
- "like a human being for the first time since I grew up."
-
- By then Robeson had collected enough grievances to fuel a
- revolution. In high school one of his teachers thought Paul
- "the most remarkable boy I have ever taught, a perfect prince.
- Still, I can't forget that he is a Negro." Neither could the
- college football players who reviled him, or the secretary who
- warned the young law student, "I never take dictation from a
- nigger."
-
- Robeson doubled his fists, abandoned his studies and
- entered the concert hall by the stage door. His rich
- interpretations of spirituals rapidly brought him to London in
- 1930 as Othello and to Hollywood five years later in Show Boat.
- But the rewards could never assuage the early injuries.
-
- Duberman, a professor of history at Lehman College in New
- York City, is a scrupulous biographer. But he seems an
- ingenuous historian. In his view, Robeson became the target of
- "Cold War hysteria," and the sad outcome of a brilliant career
- was, in essence, "America's tragedy." But in fact, the wound
- was self-inflicted. The champion of minorities and laborers
- turned out to be oddly forgiving about crimes against humanity
- -- provided that they were committed in the Workers' Paradise.
- To him, Stalin's infamous purges were a proper way to deal with
- "counter- revolutionary assassins." The pact between the
- U.S.S.R. and Nazi Germany was excused as a "defensive" act.
-
- Robeson's rhetoric intensified after World War II ("It's up
- to the rest of America when I shall love it . . . in the way
- that I deeply and intensely love the Soviet Union"), and in 1950
- the State Department revoked his passport. He made new enemies
- when he accepted the Stalin Peace Prize in 1952. White
- enthusiasts dropped away, joining a series of black spokesmen
- who had given him their backs. The head of the N.A.A.C.P.
- pronounced him "more to be pitied than damned."
-
- In the '60s, leaders and laws changed, but the restored
- passport and the nostalgic concerts came too late. By the time
- of Essie's death in 1965, Robeson's resonant bass had become a
- memory, and his health had broken down. He died in 1976 at the
- age of 77, after suffering from a long-term mental illness. One
- of his last visitors was told "not to talk politics of any
- remote stripe." That advice is still valid. Stalinism remains
- the performer's central flaw, and no posthumous reasoning can
- excuse his special pleading for one of the century's monsters.
- Paul Robeson's greatest role is his earliest one: the triumphant
- symbol of talent and will over racism. Duberman's massive work
- shows how durable that part remains. Those who want a briefer
- version may find it in a tribute of 25 monosyllables by a black
- prisoner in the Marion, Ill., penitentiary:
-
- They knocked the leaves
- From his limbs,
- The bark
- From his
- Tree
- But his roots
- were
- so deep
- That they are
- a part of me.
-
-